EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COMMERCIAL GREEN TEA
10.32999/ksu2524-0838/2022-33-6
Keywords:
green tea, antibacterial activity, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis
Abstract
This study aimed to the impact of infusion derived from commercial green leaf tea (Distributer: Auchan Polska Sp. Z o.o.; Country of origin: China; Netto weight 100 g) on the growth of some Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains was studied. In the current study, Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC®25922™), Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC®35218™), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC®27853™) and Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC®25923™), Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC®51299™) (resistant to vancomycin; sensitive to teicoplanin) and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC®29212™) were used. The testing of the antibacterial activity of green tea was carried out in vitro by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results of the current study demonstrated that the most sensitive to infusion derived from commercial green tea was the Gram-negative bacterial strain Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC®35218™), where there was the greatest increase in the zone of growth inhibition compared to 96% ethanol (by 98%, p < 0.05). According to the Gram-positive bacterial strains, only the Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC®51299™) strain showed sensitivity to infusion derived from commercial green tea, with a statistically significant increase in the zone of growth inhibition compared to 96% ethanol (by 57.4%, p < 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC®25923™) strain was also sensitive to infusion derived from commercial green tea. The zone of growth inhibition was increased by 37% compared to 96% ethanol (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the use of green tea can be applied to a variety of bacterial infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Further studies are needed to analyze the antimicrobial properties of the compounds in this plant.
References
Ahmed S. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-gallate in arthritis: progress and promise. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(2):208. doi:10.1186/ar2982.
Akroum S. Antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis crude extracts against four species of Candida and Microsporum persicolor. J Mycol Med. 2018;28(3):424-427. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.06.003.
Anand PK, Kaul D, Sharma M. Green tea polyphenol inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival within human macrophages. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38(4):600-609. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.10.021.
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966;45(4):493-496.
Buyun L, Tkachenko H, Kurhaluk N, Kharchenko I, Maryniuk M, Opryshko O, Gyrenko O, Góralczyk A. Antimicrobial efficacy of ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves of Camellia japonica L. cultivars against Escherichia coli strain. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health, and Life Quality, 2021.;5:95-105. doi:10.15414/ainhlq.2021.0010.
Ferreira MA, Silva DM, de Morais AC Jr, Mota JF, Botelho PB. Therapeutic potential of green tea on risk factors for type 2 diabetes in obese adults – a review. Obes Rev. 2016;17(12):1316-1328. doi:10.1111/obr.12452.
Filippini T, Malavolti M, Borrelli F, et al. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3(3):CD005004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3.
Fournier-Larente J, Morin MP, Grenier D. Green tea catechins potentiate the effect of antibiotics and modulate adherence and gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;65:35-43. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.014.
Fraser ML, Mok GS, Lee AH. Green tea and stroke prevention: emerging evidence. Complement Ther Med. 2007;15(1):46-53. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2006.07.002.
Hamilton-Miller JM. Antimicrobial properties of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39(11):2375-2377. doi:10.1128/AAC.39.11.2375.
Hartley L, Flowers N, Holmes J, et al. Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD009934. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009934.pub2.
Hattarki SA, Bogar C, Bhat KG. Green tea catechins showed antibacterial activity on Streptococcus mutans – An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2021;32(2):226-229. doi:10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_512_21.
Hayakawa S, Ohishi T, Miyoshi N, Oishi Y, Nakamura Y, Isemura M. Anti-Cancer Effects of Green Tea Epigallocatchin-3-Gallate and Coffee Chlorogenic Acid. Molecules. 2020;25(19):4553. doi:10.3390/molecules25194553.
Hayat K, Iqbal H, Malik U, Bilal U, Mushtaq S. Tea and its consumption: benefits and risks. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(7):939-954. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.678949.
Higdon JV, Frei B. Tea catechins and polyphenols: health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2003;43(1):89-143. doi:10.1080/10408690390826464.
Huang J, Wang Y, Xie Z, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wan X. The anti-obesity effects of green tea in human intervention and basic molecular studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(10):1075-1087. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.143.
Jazani NH, Shahabi Sh, Ali AA, Zartoshti M. Antibacterial effects of water soluble green tea extracts on multi-antibiotic resistant isolates of Acinetobacter sp. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007b;10(9):1477-1480. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.1477.1480.
Jazani NH, Shahabi Sh, Ali AA. Antibacterial effects of water soluble green tea extracts on multi-antibiotic resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007a;10(9):1544-1546. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.1544.1546.
Khan I, Abbas T, Anjum K, et al. Antimicrobial potential of aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis against representative microbes. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019;32(2):631-636.
Kharchenko I, Tkachenko H, Buyun L, Kurhaluk N, Góralczyk A, Maryniuk M, Tomin V, Osadowski Z. Evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts derived from leaves of Camellia japonica cultivars (Theaceae) against Enterobacter cloacae strain. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health, and Life Quality, 2019;(3):333-347. doi:10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2019.2585-8246.333-347.
Li C, Lin J, Yang T, Shang H. Green Tea Intake and Parkinson's Disease Progression: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Nutr. 2022;9:848223. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.848223.
Meltzer SM, Monk BJ, Tewari KS. Green tea catechins for treatment of external genital warts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(3):233.e1-233.e2337. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.07.064.
Muthu M, Gopal J, Min SX, Chun S. Green Tea Versus Traditional Korean Teas: Antibacterial/Antifungal or Both?. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2016;180(4):780-790. doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2132-6.
Ohishi T, Goto S, Monira P, Isemura M, Nakamura Y. Anti-inflammatory Action of Green Tea. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2016;15(2):74-90. doi:10.2174/1871523015666160915154443.
Okoth DA, Chenia HY, Koorbanally NA. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of flavonoids from Lannea alata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Phytochem Lett. 2013;6:476-481. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2013.06.003.
Pervin M, Unno K, Ohishi T, Tanabe H, Miyoshi N, Nakamura Y. Beneficial Effects of Green Tea Catechins on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules. 2018;23(6):1297. doi:10.3390/molecules23061297.
Radji M, Agustama RA, Elya B, Tjampakasari CR. Antimicrobial activity of green tea extract against isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(8):663-666. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60133-1.
Renzetti A, Betts JW, Fukumoto K, Rutherford RN. Antibacterial green tea catechins from a molecular perspective: mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships. Food Funct. 2020;11(11):9370-9396. doi:10.1039/d0fo02054k.
Reygaert WC. Green Tea Catechins: Their Use in Treating and Preventing Infectious Diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:9105261. doi:10.1155/2018/9105261.
Servin J, Méndez J, Portillo N, Villasanti U. Antibacterial effect of green tea infusion used as a mouthwash on saliva and bacterial plaque: a randomized controlled trial. Gen Dent. 2021;69(5):72-74.
Sharma A, Gupta S, Sarethy IP, Dang S, Gabrani R. Green tea extract: possible mechanism and antibacterial activity on skin pathogens. Food Chem. 2012;135(2):672-675. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.143.
Shirakami Y, Shimizu M. Possible Mechanisms of Green Tea and Its Constituents against Cancer. Molecules. 2018;23(9):2284. doi:10.3390/molecules23092284.
Si W, Gong J, Tsao R, Kalab M, Yang R, Yin Y. Bioassay-guided purification and identification of antimicrobial components in Chinese green tea extract. J Chromatogr A. 2006;1125(2):204-210. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.061.
Steinmann J, Buer J, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. Anti-infective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;168(5):1059-1073. doi:10.1111/bph.12009.
Taylor PW. Interactions of Tea-Derived Catechin Gallates with Bacterial Pathogens. Molecules. 2020;25(8):1986. doi:10.3390/molecules25081986.
Tkachenko H, Opryshko M, Gyrenko O, Maryniuk M, Buyun L, Kurhaluk N. Antibacterial properties of commercial lavender essential oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 2022;6(2):220-228. doi:10.15414/ainhlq.2022.0023.
Wan C, Ouyang J, Li M, Rengasamy KRR, Liu Z. Effects of green tea polyphenol extract and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications: Recent advances. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;1-29. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2157372.
Xing L, Zhang H, Qi R, Tsao R, Mine Y. Recent Advances in the Understanding of the Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Green Tea Polyphenols. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;67(4):1029-1043. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06146.
Xu FW, Lv YL, Zhong YF, et al. Beneficial Effects of Green Tea EGCG on Skin Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules. 2021;26(20):6123. doi:10.3390/molecules26206123.
Xu X, Zhou XD, Wu CD. The tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate suppresses cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(3):1229-1236. doi:10.1128/AAC.01016-10.
Yee YK, Koo MW. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Chinese tea: in vitro study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(5):635-638. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00747.x.
Zar JH. Biostatistical Analysis. 4th ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,1999.
Zhao T, Li C, Wang S, Song X. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Molecules. 2022;27(12):3909. doi:10.3390/molecules27123909.
Akroum S. Antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis crude extracts against four species of Candida and Microsporum persicolor. J Mycol Med. 2018;28(3):424-427. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.06.003.
Anand PK, Kaul D, Sharma M. Green tea polyphenol inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival within human macrophages. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38(4):600-609. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.10.021.
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966;45(4):493-496.
Buyun L, Tkachenko H, Kurhaluk N, Kharchenko I, Maryniuk M, Opryshko O, Gyrenko O, Góralczyk A. Antimicrobial efficacy of ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves of Camellia japonica L. cultivars against Escherichia coli strain. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health, and Life Quality, 2021.;5:95-105. doi:10.15414/ainhlq.2021.0010.
Ferreira MA, Silva DM, de Morais AC Jr, Mota JF, Botelho PB. Therapeutic potential of green tea on risk factors for type 2 diabetes in obese adults – a review. Obes Rev. 2016;17(12):1316-1328. doi:10.1111/obr.12452.
Filippini T, Malavolti M, Borrelli F, et al. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3(3):CD005004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3.
Fournier-Larente J, Morin MP, Grenier D. Green tea catechins potentiate the effect of antibiotics and modulate adherence and gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;65:35-43. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.014.
Fraser ML, Mok GS, Lee AH. Green tea and stroke prevention: emerging evidence. Complement Ther Med. 2007;15(1):46-53. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2006.07.002.
Hamilton-Miller JM. Antimicrobial properties of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39(11):2375-2377. doi:10.1128/AAC.39.11.2375.
Hartley L, Flowers N, Holmes J, et al. Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD009934. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009934.pub2.
Hattarki SA, Bogar C, Bhat KG. Green tea catechins showed antibacterial activity on Streptococcus mutans – An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2021;32(2):226-229. doi:10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_512_21.
Hayakawa S, Ohishi T, Miyoshi N, Oishi Y, Nakamura Y, Isemura M. Anti-Cancer Effects of Green Tea Epigallocatchin-3-Gallate and Coffee Chlorogenic Acid. Molecules. 2020;25(19):4553. doi:10.3390/molecules25194553.
Hayat K, Iqbal H, Malik U, Bilal U, Mushtaq S. Tea and its consumption: benefits and risks. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(7):939-954. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.678949.
Higdon JV, Frei B. Tea catechins and polyphenols: health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2003;43(1):89-143. doi:10.1080/10408690390826464.
Huang J, Wang Y, Xie Z, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wan X. The anti-obesity effects of green tea in human intervention and basic molecular studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(10):1075-1087. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.143.
Jazani NH, Shahabi Sh, Ali AA, Zartoshti M. Antibacterial effects of water soluble green tea extracts on multi-antibiotic resistant isolates of Acinetobacter sp. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007b;10(9):1477-1480. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.1477.1480.
Jazani NH, Shahabi Sh, Ali AA. Antibacterial effects of water soluble green tea extracts on multi-antibiotic resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007a;10(9):1544-1546. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.1544.1546.
Khan I, Abbas T, Anjum K, et al. Antimicrobial potential of aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis against representative microbes. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019;32(2):631-636.
Kharchenko I, Tkachenko H, Buyun L, Kurhaluk N, Góralczyk A, Maryniuk M, Tomin V, Osadowski Z. Evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts derived from leaves of Camellia japonica cultivars (Theaceae) against Enterobacter cloacae strain. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health, and Life Quality, 2019;(3):333-347. doi:10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2019.2585-8246.333-347.
Li C, Lin J, Yang T, Shang H. Green Tea Intake and Parkinson's Disease Progression: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Nutr. 2022;9:848223. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.848223.
Meltzer SM, Monk BJ, Tewari KS. Green tea catechins for treatment of external genital warts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(3):233.e1-233.e2337. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.07.064.
Muthu M, Gopal J, Min SX, Chun S. Green Tea Versus Traditional Korean Teas: Antibacterial/Antifungal or Both?. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2016;180(4):780-790. doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2132-6.
Ohishi T, Goto S, Monira P, Isemura M, Nakamura Y. Anti-inflammatory Action of Green Tea. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2016;15(2):74-90. doi:10.2174/1871523015666160915154443.
Okoth DA, Chenia HY, Koorbanally NA. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of flavonoids from Lannea alata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Phytochem Lett. 2013;6:476-481. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2013.06.003.
Pervin M, Unno K, Ohishi T, Tanabe H, Miyoshi N, Nakamura Y. Beneficial Effects of Green Tea Catechins on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules. 2018;23(6):1297. doi:10.3390/molecules23061297.
Radji M, Agustama RA, Elya B, Tjampakasari CR. Antimicrobial activity of green tea extract against isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(8):663-666. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60133-1.
Renzetti A, Betts JW, Fukumoto K, Rutherford RN. Antibacterial green tea catechins from a molecular perspective: mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships. Food Funct. 2020;11(11):9370-9396. doi:10.1039/d0fo02054k.
Reygaert WC. Green Tea Catechins: Their Use in Treating and Preventing Infectious Diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:9105261. doi:10.1155/2018/9105261.
Servin J, Méndez J, Portillo N, Villasanti U. Antibacterial effect of green tea infusion used as a mouthwash on saliva and bacterial plaque: a randomized controlled trial. Gen Dent. 2021;69(5):72-74.
Sharma A, Gupta S, Sarethy IP, Dang S, Gabrani R. Green tea extract: possible mechanism and antibacterial activity on skin pathogens. Food Chem. 2012;135(2):672-675. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.143.
Shirakami Y, Shimizu M. Possible Mechanisms of Green Tea and Its Constituents against Cancer. Molecules. 2018;23(9):2284. doi:10.3390/molecules23092284.
Si W, Gong J, Tsao R, Kalab M, Yang R, Yin Y. Bioassay-guided purification and identification of antimicrobial components in Chinese green tea extract. J Chromatogr A. 2006;1125(2):204-210. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.061.
Steinmann J, Buer J, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. Anti-infective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;168(5):1059-1073. doi:10.1111/bph.12009.
Taylor PW. Interactions of Tea-Derived Catechin Gallates with Bacterial Pathogens. Molecules. 2020;25(8):1986. doi:10.3390/molecules25081986.
Tkachenko H, Opryshko M, Gyrenko O, Maryniuk M, Buyun L, Kurhaluk N. Antibacterial properties of commercial lavender essential oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 2022;6(2):220-228. doi:10.15414/ainhlq.2022.0023.
Wan C, Ouyang J, Li M, Rengasamy KRR, Liu Z. Effects of green tea polyphenol extract and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications: Recent advances. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;1-29. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2157372.
Xing L, Zhang H, Qi R, Tsao R, Mine Y. Recent Advances in the Understanding of the Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Green Tea Polyphenols. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;67(4):1029-1043. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06146.
Xu FW, Lv YL, Zhong YF, et al. Beneficial Effects of Green Tea EGCG on Skin Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules. 2021;26(20):6123. doi:10.3390/molecules26206123.
Xu X, Zhou XD, Wu CD. The tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate suppresses cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(3):1229-1236. doi:10.1128/AAC.01016-10.
Yee YK, Koo MW. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Chinese tea: in vitro study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(5):635-638. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00747.x.
Zar JH. Biostatistical Analysis. 4th ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,1999.
Zhao T, Li C, Wang S, Song X. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Molecules. 2022;27(12):3909. doi:10.3390/molecules27123909.