THE ROLE OF GAS TRANSMITTERS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF IMMUNE REACTIONS
Keywords:
gas transmitters, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, immune reactions
Abstract
The review analyzes the literature data on the participation of molecules of nitrogen oxide, dihydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide in the processes of activation of the immune system, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions. Nitrogen oxide is produced by immune system cells (NK cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, phagocytic cells) and cells that play an important role in the implementation of the immune response (epitheliocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, kecytocytes, kecirates, kecytes, keratocytes, keratocytes, keratocytes, kecytes, keratocytes, keratocytes, kecytes, keratocytes, keratocytes, keratocytes, kecytes, kecytes, keratocytes, keratocytes, keratocytes, keratocytes, vasculature, keratocytes The enzyme responsible for the formation of this gas transmitter is NO synthase and has at least three isoforms. The expression of isoforms is regulated by the production of cytokines, microbial stimuli, the presence of a substrate - arginine. Nitrogen oxide plays a significant role in the selection and development of T cells in the thymus, inhibits the adhesion of platelets and leukocytes to the endothelium, disrupts the process of diapedesis of monocytes and granulocytes In the case of autoimmune processes, nitrogen oxide protects the body from immunopathological influences.
Hydrogen sulfide has anti-inflammatory effects due to inhibition of anti-inflammatory cytokines, expression of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2. Treatment of cells with hydrogen sulfide donors inhibits the expression of ox-LDL-lectin-like receptors. In addition, endogenous and exogenous hydrogen sulfide reduces the formation of atherogenic foam cells. The use of exogenous hydrogen sulfide inhibits the activation of NFκB by a hemoxygenase-1-dependent mechanism in macrophages. Although the vast majority of studies indicate anti-inflammatory effects, there is an increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. It is important to find donors of hydrogen sulfide in order to use them as anti-inflammatory drugs.
Carbon monoxide in living organisms is formed endogenously as a result of the cleavage of heme-containing proteins. This process is catalyzed by the enzyme hemoxygenase. There is no doubt that carbon monoxide at low concentrations can affect cellular signaling pathways of transduction, which lead to modification of cellular functions, the formation of adaptive changes. The biological properties of low concentrations of carbon monoxide vary from the regulation of vascular tone, mitochondrial biogenesis, modulation of inflammation, apoptosis and cell proliferation. To control the amount of carbon monoxide released, new donor compounds are used that have already shown their anti-inflammatory properties. Hemoxygenase-1 is an enzyme involved in the implementation of anti-inflammatory functions of this gas transmitter.
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