IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COMMERCIAL ROSEMARY ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST SOME GRAM-POSITIVE AND GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Ключові слова:
commercial rosemary essential oil, antibacterial properties, inhibition zones, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique
Анотація
Rosemary essential oil has many compounds suitable for use in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Rosemary essential oils are widely used in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract diseases, mainly due to their antibacterial and antiviral effects.This study provides insight into the in vitro antibacterial activity of commercial rosemary essential oil against Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli(Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™), E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™) and Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureusRosenbach (ATCC® 29213™), methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus (NCTC® 12493), Enterococcus faecalis(Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz(ATCC®51299™) (resistant to vancomycin; sensitive to teicoplanin) and E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz(ATCC®29212™). The results of the current study showed that Gram-negative bacterial strains such as E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™) and P. aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™) were resistant to REO. The diameters of the inhibition zones after application of REO were similar to those of the control samples (96% ethanol). The increase in inhibition zone diameter after application of REO was 32.6% (p < 0.05) for Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™) strains compared to control samples (96% ethanol). Similarly, the increase in inhibition zone diameters after application of REO was 50.3% (p < 0.05) for Gram-positive strains such as S. aureus subsp. aureusRosenbach (ATCC® 29213™).Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (NCTC® 12493)was resistant to REO.On the other hand, the largest inhibition zone diameters after application of REO were observed for E. faecalis strains.The increase in inhibition zone diameters after application of REO was 115.5% (p < 0.05) and 115.8% (p < 0.05) for E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™) and E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™) strains, respectively. The results suggest that commercial rosemary essential oil supplied by a Polish essential oil manufacturer (NaturalneAromaty sp. z o.o., Kłaj, Poland) has some significant antimicrobial properties. In vivo studies are needed to calculate the effective dose of EOs and to determine their possible side effects and toxicity.
Посилання
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2. Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Vanitha MK. D-limonene: A multifunctional compound with potent therapeutic effects. J Food Biochem. 2021;45(1):e13566. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13566.
3. Andrade JM, Faustino C, Garcia C, Ladeiras D, Reis CP, Rijo P. Rosmarinus officinalis L.: an update review of its phytochemistry and biological activity. Future Sci OA. 2018;4(4):FSO283. doi:10.4155/fsoa-2017-0124.
4. Bajalan I, Rouzbahani R, Pirbalouti AG, Maggi F. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils obtained from seven Iranian populations of Rosmarinus officinalis. Ind. Crops Prod. 2017;107:305–311. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.063.
5. Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J ClinPathol. 1966;45(4):493-496.
6. Begum A, Sandhya S, Shaffath Ali S, Vinod KR, Reddy S, Banji D. An in-depth review on the medicinal flora Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). ActaSci Pol Technol Aliment. 2013;12(1):61-73.
7. Ben Arfa A, Gouja H, Hannachi H, Isoda H, Neffati M, Najjaa H. Seasonal changes in rosemary species: A chemotaxonomic assessment of two varieties based on essential oil compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0273367. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273367.
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9. Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, Jovin E. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(19):7879-7885. doi:10.1021/jf0715323.
10. Cai ZM, Peng JQ, Chen Y, Tao L, Zhang YY, Fu LY, Long QD, Shen XC. 1,8-Cineole: a review of source, biological activities, and application. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2021;23(10):938-954. doi:10.1080/10286020.2020.1839432.
11. Cao W, Tian R, Pan R, Sun B, Xiao C, Chen Y, Zeng Z, Lei S. Terpinen-4-ol inhibits the proliferation and mobility of pancreatic cancer cells by downregulating Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2. Bioengineered. 2022;13(4):8643-8656. doi:10.1080/21655979.2022.2054205.
12. Christopoulou SD, Androutsopoulou C, Hahalis P, Kotsalou C, Vantarakis A, Lamari FN. Rosemary Extract and Essential Oil as Drink Ingredients: An Evaluation of Their Chemical Composition, Genotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, and Antioxidant Properties. Foods. 2021;10(12):3143. doi:10.3390/foods10123143.
13. da Silva Bomfim N, Kohiyama CY, Nakasugi LP, Nerilo SB, Mossini SAG, Romoli JCZ, Graton Mikcha JM, Abreu Filho BA, Machinski M Jr. Antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity of rosemary essential oil (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) against Aspergillus flavus. Food AdditContam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2020;37(1):153-161. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1678771.
14. de Oliveira JR, Camargo SEA, de Oliveira LD. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) as therapeutic and prophylactic agent. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):5. doi:10.1186/s12929-019-0499-8
15. de Oliveira JR, de Jesus D, Figueira LW, de Oliveira FE, Pacheco Soares C, Camargo SE, Jorge AO, de Oliveira LD. Biological activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) extract as analyzed in microorganisms and cells. ExpBiol Med (Maywood). 2017;242(6):625-634. doi:10.1177/1535370216688571.
16. Ekambaram SP, Perumal SS, Balakrishnan A, Marappan N, Gajendran SS, Viswanathan V. Antibacterial synergy between rosmarinic acid and antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J IntercultEthnopharmacol. 2016;5(4):358-363. doi:10.5455/jice.20160906035020.
17. Fazmiya MJA, Sultana A, Rahman K, Heyat MBB, Sumbul, Akhtar F, Khan S, Appiah SCY. Current Insights on Bioactive Molecules, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Other Pharmacological Activities of Cinnamomumcamphora Linn. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:9354555. doi:10.1155/2022/9354555.
18. GhasemzadehRahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Therapeutic effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and its active constituents on nervous system disorders. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2020;23(9):1100-1112. doi:10.22038/ijbms.2020.45269.10541.
19. González-Velasco HE, Pérez-Gutiérrez MS, Alonso-Castro ÁJ, Zapata-Morales JR, Niño-Moreno PDC, Campos-Xolalpa N, González-Chávez MM. Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of the Essential Oil of Tagetesparryi A. Gray (Asteraceae) and Verbenone. Molecules. 2022;27(9):2612. doi:10.3390/molecules27092612.
20. Guan H, Luo W, Bao B, Cao Y, Cheng F, Yu S, Fan Q, Zhang L, Wu Q, Shan M. A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight. Molecules. 2022;27(10):3292. doi: 10.3390/molecules27103292.
21. Jardak M, Elloumi-Mseddi J, Aifa S, Mnif S. Chemical composition, anti-biofilm activity and potential cytotoxic effect on cancer cells of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from Tunisia. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1):190. doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0580-9.
22. Jiang Y, Wu N, Fu YJ, Wang W, Luo M, Zhao CJ, Zu YG, Liu XL. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Rosemary. Environ ToxicolPharmacol. 2011 Jul;32(1):63-8. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.011.
23. Luqman S, Dwivedi GR, Darokar MP, Kalra A, Khanuja SP. Potential of rosemary oil to be used in drug-resistant infections. AlternTher Health Med. 2007;13(5):54-59.
24. Mei Y, Li L, Fan L, Fan W, Liu L, Zhang F, Hu Z, Wang K, Yang L, Wang Z. The history, stereochemistry, ethnopharmacology and quality assessment of borneol. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;300:115697. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115697.
25. Nieto G, Ros G, Castillo J. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A Review. Medicines (Basel). 2018;5(3):98. doi: 10.3390/medicines5030098.
26. Okoth DA, Chenia HY, Koorbanally NA. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of flavonoids from Lanneaalata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Phytochemistry Letters, 2013;6:476–481. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2013.06.003.
27. Ramalho TR, Oliveira MT, Lima AL, Bezerra-Santos CR, Piuvezam MR. Gamma-Terpinene Modulates Acute Inflammatory Response in Mice. Planta Med. 2015;81(14):1248-54. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1546169.
28. Rašković A, Milanović I, Pavlović N, Ćebović T, Vukmirović S, Mikov M. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:225. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-225.
29. Rathore S, Mukhia S, Kapoor S, Bhatt V, Kumar R, Kumar R. Seasonal variability in essential oil composition and biological activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. accessions in the western Himalaya. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3305. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07298-x
30. Salehi B, Upadhyay S, Erdogan Orhan I, Kumar Jugran A, L D Jayaweera S, A Dias D, Sharopov F, Taheri Y, Martins N, Baghalpour N, Cho WC, Sharifi-Rad J. Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Pinene: A Miracle Gift of Nature. Biomolecules. 2019;9(11):738. doi:10.3390/biom9110738.
31. Satyal P, Jones TH, Lopez EM, McFeeters RL, Ali NA, Mansi I, Al-Kaf AG, Setzer WN. Chemotypic Characterization and Biological Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis. Foods. 2017;6(3):20. doi: 10.3390/foods6030020.
32. Scandiffio R, Geddo F, Cottone E, Querio G, Antoniotti S, Gallo MP, Maffei ME, Bovolin P. Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3273. doi:10.3390/nu12113273.
33. Shahina Z, Al Homsi R, Price JDW, Whiteway M, Sultana T, Dahms TES. Rosemary essential oil and its components 1,8-cineole and α-pinene induce ROS-dependent lethality and ROS-independent virulence inhibition in Candida albicans. PLoS One. 2022;17(11):e0277097. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277097.
34. Souza R, Cardoso M, Menezes C, Silva J, De Sousa D, Batista J. Gastroprotective activity of α-terpineol in two experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats. Daru. 2011;19(4):277-281.
35. Surendran S, Qassadi F, Surendran G, Lilley D, Heinrich M. Myrcene-What Are the Potential Health Benefits of This Flavouring and Aroma Agent?. Front Nutr. 2021;8:699666. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.699666.
36. Tak JH, Isman MB. Enhanced cuticular penetration as the mechanism for synergy of insecticidal constituents of rosemary essential oil in Trichoplusiani. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12690. doi: 10.1038/srep12690.
37. Tkachenko H, Opryshko M, Gyrenko O, Maryniuk M, Buyun L, Kurhaluk N. Antibacterial properties of commercial lavender essential oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 2022;6(2):220–228. doi:10.15414/ainhlq.2022.0023.
38. Tkaczenko H, Kurhaluk N, Opryshko M, Maryniuk M, Gyrenko O, Buyun L. In vitro antibacterial efficacy of the commercial wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) essential oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 2023;7(1):115-122. doi:10.15414/ainhlq.2023.0013.
39. Wang W, Li N, Luo M, Zu Y, Efferth T. Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to that of its main components. Molecules. 2012;17(3):2704-2713. doi:10.3390/molecules17032704.
40. Wang X, Dong K, Ma Y, Jin Q, Yin S, Wang S. Hepatoprotective effects of chamazulene against alcohol-induced liver damage by alleviation of oxidative stress in rat models. Open Life Sci. 2020;15(1):251-258. doi:10.1515/biol-2020-0026.
41. Yeo D, Hwang SJ, Song YS, Lee HJ. Humulene Inhibits Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury by Enhancing Mucosal Integrity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(5):761. doi:10.3390/antiox10050761.
42. Zaouali Y, Bouzaine T, Boussaid M. Essential oils composition in two Rosmarinus officinalis L. varieties and incidence for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Food ChemToxicol. 2010;48(11):3144-3152. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.010.
43. Zar JH. Biostatistical Analysis. 4th ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1999.
44. Zhao ZJ, Sun YL, Ruan XF. Bornyl acetate: A promising agent in phytomedicine for inflammation and immune modulation. Phytomedicine. 2023;114:154781. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154781.
2. Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Vanitha MK. D-limonene: A multifunctional compound with potent therapeutic effects. J Food Biochem. 2021;45(1):e13566. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13566.
3. Andrade JM, Faustino C, Garcia C, Ladeiras D, Reis CP, Rijo P. Rosmarinus officinalis L.: an update review of its phytochemistry and biological activity. Future Sci OA. 2018;4(4):FSO283. doi:10.4155/fsoa-2017-0124.
4. Bajalan I, Rouzbahani R, Pirbalouti AG, Maggi F. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils obtained from seven Iranian populations of Rosmarinus officinalis. Ind. Crops Prod. 2017;107:305–311. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.063.
5. Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J ClinPathol. 1966;45(4):493-496.
6. Begum A, Sandhya S, Shaffath Ali S, Vinod KR, Reddy S, Banji D. An in-depth review on the medicinal flora Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). ActaSci Pol Technol Aliment. 2013;12(1):61-73.
7. Ben Arfa A, Gouja H, Hannachi H, Isoda H, Neffati M, Najjaa H. Seasonal changes in rosemary species: A chemotaxonomic assessment of two varieties based on essential oil compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0273367. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273367.
8. Bernardes WA, Lucarini R, Tozatti MG, Flauzino LG, Souza MG, Turatti IC, Andrade e Silva ML, Martins CH, da Silva Filho AA, Cunha WR. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis and its major components against oral pathogens. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2010;65(9-10):588-593. doi:10.1515/znc-2010-9-1009.
9. Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, Jovin E. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(19):7879-7885. doi:10.1021/jf0715323.
10. Cai ZM, Peng JQ, Chen Y, Tao L, Zhang YY, Fu LY, Long QD, Shen XC. 1,8-Cineole: a review of source, biological activities, and application. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2021;23(10):938-954. doi:10.1080/10286020.2020.1839432.
11. Cao W, Tian R, Pan R, Sun B, Xiao C, Chen Y, Zeng Z, Lei S. Terpinen-4-ol inhibits the proliferation and mobility of pancreatic cancer cells by downregulating Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2. Bioengineered. 2022;13(4):8643-8656. doi:10.1080/21655979.2022.2054205.
12. Christopoulou SD, Androutsopoulou C, Hahalis P, Kotsalou C, Vantarakis A, Lamari FN. Rosemary Extract and Essential Oil as Drink Ingredients: An Evaluation of Their Chemical Composition, Genotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, and Antioxidant Properties. Foods. 2021;10(12):3143. doi:10.3390/foods10123143.
13. da Silva Bomfim N, Kohiyama CY, Nakasugi LP, Nerilo SB, Mossini SAG, Romoli JCZ, Graton Mikcha JM, Abreu Filho BA, Machinski M Jr. Antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity of rosemary essential oil (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) against Aspergillus flavus. Food AdditContam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2020;37(1):153-161. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1678771.
14. de Oliveira JR, Camargo SEA, de Oliveira LD. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) as therapeutic and prophylactic agent. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):5. doi:10.1186/s12929-019-0499-8
15. de Oliveira JR, de Jesus D, Figueira LW, de Oliveira FE, Pacheco Soares C, Camargo SE, Jorge AO, de Oliveira LD. Biological activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) extract as analyzed in microorganisms and cells. ExpBiol Med (Maywood). 2017;242(6):625-634. doi:10.1177/1535370216688571.
16. Ekambaram SP, Perumal SS, Balakrishnan A, Marappan N, Gajendran SS, Viswanathan V. Antibacterial synergy between rosmarinic acid and antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J IntercultEthnopharmacol. 2016;5(4):358-363. doi:10.5455/jice.20160906035020.
17. Fazmiya MJA, Sultana A, Rahman K, Heyat MBB, Sumbul, Akhtar F, Khan S, Appiah SCY. Current Insights on Bioactive Molecules, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Other Pharmacological Activities of Cinnamomumcamphora Linn. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:9354555. doi:10.1155/2022/9354555.
18. GhasemzadehRahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Therapeutic effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and its active constituents on nervous system disorders. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2020;23(9):1100-1112. doi:10.22038/ijbms.2020.45269.10541.
19. González-Velasco HE, Pérez-Gutiérrez MS, Alonso-Castro ÁJ, Zapata-Morales JR, Niño-Moreno PDC, Campos-Xolalpa N, González-Chávez MM. Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of the Essential Oil of Tagetesparryi A. Gray (Asteraceae) and Verbenone. Molecules. 2022;27(9):2612. doi:10.3390/molecules27092612.
20. Guan H, Luo W, Bao B, Cao Y, Cheng F, Yu S, Fan Q, Zhang L, Wu Q, Shan M. A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight. Molecules. 2022;27(10):3292. doi: 10.3390/molecules27103292.
21. Jardak M, Elloumi-Mseddi J, Aifa S, Mnif S. Chemical composition, anti-biofilm activity and potential cytotoxic effect on cancer cells of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from Tunisia. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1):190. doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0580-9.
22. Jiang Y, Wu N, Fu YJ, Wang W, Luo M, Zhao CJ, Zu YG, Liu XL. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Rosemary. Environ ToxicolPharmacol. 2011 Jul;32(1):63-8. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.011.
23. Luqman S, Dwivedi GR, Darokar MP, Kalra A, Khanuja SP. Potential of rosemary oil to be used in drug-resistant infections. AlternTher Health Med. 2007;13(5):54-59.
24. Mei Y, Li L, Fan L, Fan W, Liu L, Zhang F, Hu Z, Wang K, Yang L, Wang Z. The history, stereochemistry, ethnopharmacology and quality assessment of borneol. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;300:115697. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115697.
25. Nieto G, Ros G, Castillo J. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A Review. Medicines (Basel). 2018;5(3):98. doi: 10.3390/medicines5030098.
26. Okoth DA, Chenia HY, Koorbanally NA. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of flavonoids from Lanneaalata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Phytochemistry Letters, 2013;6:476–481. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2013.06.003.
27. Ramalho TR, Oliveira MT, Lima AL, Bezerra-Santos CR, Piuvezam MR. Gamma-Terpinene Modulates Acute Inflammatory Response in Mice. Planta Med. 2015;81(14):1248-54. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1546169.
28. Rašković A, Milanović I, Pavlović N, Ćebović T, Vukmirović S, Mikov M. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:225. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-225.
29. Rathore S, Mukhia S, Kapoor S, Bhatt V, Kumar R, Kumar R. Seasonal variability in essential oil composition and biological activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. accessions in the western Himalaya. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3305. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07298-x
30. Salehi B, Upadhyay S, Erdogan Orhan I, Kumar Jugran A, L D Jayaweera S, A Dias D, Sharopov F, Taheri Y, Martins N, Baghalpour N, Cho WC, Sharifi-Rad J. Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Pinene: A Miracle Gift of Nature. Biomolecules. 2019;9(11):738. doi:10.3390/biom9110738.
31. Satyal P, Jones TH, Lopez EM, McFeeters RL, Ali NA, Mansi I, Al-Kaf AG, Setzer WN. Chemotypic Characterization and Biological Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis. Foods. 2017;6(3):20. doi: 10.3390/foods6030020.
32. Scandiffio R, Geddo F, Cottone E, Querio G, Antoniotti S, Gallo MP, Maffei ME, Bovolin P. Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3273. doi:10.3390/nu12113273.
33. Shahina Z, Al Homsi R, Price JDW, Whiteway M, Sultana T, Dahms TES. Rosemary essential oil and its components 1,8-cineole and α-pinene induce ROS-dependent lethality and ROS-independent virulence inhibition in Candida albicans. PLoS One. 2022;17(11):e0277097. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277097.
34. Souza R, Cardoso M, Menezes C, Silva J, De Sousa D, Batista J. Gastroprotective activity of α-terpineol in two experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats. Daru. 2011;19(4):277-281.
35. Surendran S, Qassadi F, Surendran G, Lilley D, Heinrich M. Myrcene-What Are the Potential Health Benefits of This Flavouring and Aroma Agent?. Front Nutr. 2021;8:699666. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.699666.
36. Tak JH, Isman MB. Enhanced cuticular penetration as the mechanism for synergy of insecticidal constituents of rosemary essential oil in Trichoplusiani. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12690. doi: 10.1038/srep12690.
37. Tkachenko H, Opryshko M, Gyrenko O, Maryniuk M, Buyun L, Kurhaluk N. Antibacterial properties of commercial lavender essential oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 2022;6(2):220–228. doi:10.15414/ainhlq.2022.0023.
38. Tkaczenko H, Kurhaluk N, Opryshko M, Maryniuk M, Gyrenko O, Buyun L. In vitro antibacterial efficacy of the commercial wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) essential oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 2023;7(1):115-122. doi:10.15414/ainhlq.2023.0013.
39. Wang W, Li N, Luo M, Zu Y, Efferth T. Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to that of its main components. Molecules. 2012;17(3):2704-2713. doi:10.3390/molecules17032704.
40. Wang X, Dong K, Ma Y, Jin Q, Yin S, Wang S. Hepatoprotective effects of chamazulene against alcohol-induced liver damage by alleviation of oxidative stress in rat models. Open Life Sci. 2020;15(1):251-258. doi:10.1515/biol-2020-0026.
41. Yeo D, Hwang SJ, Song YS, Lee HJ. Humulene Inhibits Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury by Enhancing Mucosal Integrity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(5):761. doi:10.3390/antiox10050761.
42. Zaouali Y, Bouzaine T, Boussaid M. Essential oils composition in two Rosmarinus officinalis L. varieties and incidence for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Food ChemToxicol. 2010;48(11):3144-3152. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.010.
43. Zar JH. Biostatistical Analysis. 4th ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1999.
44. Zhao ZJ, Sun YL, Ruan XF. Bornyl acetate: A promising agent in phytomedicine for inflammation and immune modulation. Phytomedicine. 2023;114:154781. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154781.