Scientific Bulletin of Natural Sciences (Biological Sciences)
Scientific Journal "Natural Almanac (Biological Sciences)" The collection of scientific papers "Natural Almanac (Biological Sciences)" is included in Category "B" of the List of Scientific Professional Editions of Ukraine for specialty E1 Biology and Biochemistry. ISSN 2524-0838 (Print) ISSN 2706-9133 (Online) Established: 2003 State Registration Certificate: KV 23952-13792 PR Media Entity Registration: Protocol No. 27 dated October 24, 2024 (Media ID: R30-05625) Founder: Kherson State University Frequency: Twice a year Aims and Scope The aim of the publication is to provide a professional scientific platform for the disclosure and dissemination of fundamental and applied research results in the field of biological sciences. The journal fosters scientific communication between Ukrainian and international researchers and facilitates the integration of domestic research into the global scientific community. The Almanac is committed to providing open access to high-quality scientific information, contributing to social progress and the exchange of knowledge. Key Objectives: Ensuring High Publication Quality: Implementing rigorous standards of independent peer review and expert evaluation of manuscripts to maintain the academic standing of a professional publication (Category "B"). Supporting the Scientific Community: Creating opportunities to highlight the scientific achievements of established scholars while actively promoting the professional growth of undergraduate and postgraduate students. Upholding Academic Integrity: Strict monitoring of ethical standards, prevention of plagiarism, data falsification, and redundant (duplicate) publication in accordance with COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) recommendations. Expanding Thematic Horizons: Promoting modern research in botany, zoology, human and animal physiology, immunology, microbiology, plant physiology, genetics, hydrobiology, and ecology. Promoting Open Science: Implementing a policy of immediate open access to published content, which enhances the visibility and citation of authors' work. Editorial Policy The journal's editorial policy focuses on the prompt review of materials, maintaining transparency in the editorial process, and providing authors with the opportunity to publish their research results free of charge. The journal invites scientists working on current biological issues to collaborate and accepts original articles containing new, previously unpublished data.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ACID-BASE BALANCE CHANGES IN BLOOD DURING MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON RESPIRATORY GAS DYNAMICS
The objective of this study is to examine the impact of alterations in blood acid–base balance components during muscular activity on the dynamics of respiratory gases. During physical exertion, accelerated transport and diffusion processes occur in the body. However, they may not always adequately supply O2 to the mitochondria of skeletal muscles under heightened functional demand. Consequently, accumulation of incompletely oxidized metabolic products occurs within these muscles, resulting in the release of lactate into the blood, where it dissociates to form lactate ions (salts of lactic acid). These processes lead to changes in the acid-base balance of blood (ABB), significantly influencing the dynamics of respiratory gases in the body. This article describes the impact of ABB changes on the processes that facilitate the necessary conditions for oxygen transport and diffusion to working muscles. Additionally, an analysis is conducted on the role of blood buffering properties in regulating ABB. Research on arterial blood ABB parameters indicates that the redistribution of buffering bases varies depending on the intensity of the workload: during high-intensity exercises (60% VO2max), it is not yet distinctly expressed; at submaximal intensity (85% VO2max), venous hypercapnia reaches critical levels with PCO2 in some athletes reaching 75-80 mmHg, sharply increasing the deficit of buffering bases. At VO2max, alongside significant oxygen debt, a high excess of CO2 excretion is observed, with total quantities exceeding 10 liters, of which 75% occur during recovery periods. pH levels can drop to 7.11, with a notable decrease in buffering bases and available bicarbonate. The VЕ from 0.74 at rest increases to -16.2 mEq/L, accompanied by reduced quantities of buffering bases and available bicarbonate. Thus, interrelated processes of ABB components and characteristics of respiratory gas dynamics during muscle activity are analyzed, which may hold both theoretical and practical significance for identifying crucial components of organism functional reserves.
RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF LEPIDOPTERA (INSECTA, LEPIDOPTERA) FAUNA IN THE KUZEMYN SECTION OF THE GETMANSKYI NATIONAL NATURE PARK BASED ON THE 2024 EXPEDITION
In June 2024, a three-day scientific expedition was conducted in the Kuzemyn area of the Hetmanskyi National Nature Park, located in the floodplain of Vorskla river. The primary aim of the research was to study the fauna of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera), focusing on species composition, abundance, ecological preferences and the environmental conditions that influence their distribution in this area. This site represents a valuable natural region characterized by rich biodiversity and a high degree of habitat heterogeneity, which plays a significant role in supporting diverse insect populations. The research employed an integrative approach combining nocturnal collection using light traps (mercury vapor lamps) and manual daytime sampling. This methodology made it possible to record 67 species belonging to 13 families, including Noctuidae, Geometridae, Erebidae, Sphingidae, Pyralidae, and others. The diversity observed reflects the ecological complexity of the floodplain mosaic, which consists of meadows, shrubs, tree stands, and riparian zones. Some species identified are common to the forest-steppe zone of northeastern Ukraine, while others indicate specific microhabitats or rare environmental niches. Particular attention was paid to anthropogenic impacts such as livestock grazing, agricultural land use, illegal logging, and pollution of aquatic ecosystems. The potential influence of climate change on moth populations was also considered, especially regarding shifts in species activity patterns and phenology. All findings were processed and submitted to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), contributing to the global biodiversity database and enabling long-term biodiversity monitoring programs. The results confirm the ecological and conservation significance of the Kuzemyn sector and underscore the importance of ongoing multiseasonal surveys across different biotopes. The study provides valuable data for developing biodiversity conservation strategies, ecological education initiatives, and sustainable land management policies within the Hetmanskyi National Nature Park.
COMPREHENSIVE TESTING OF ACER PALMATUM THUNB. (SAPINDACEAE JUSS.) CULTIVARS IN KYIV
Scientific dendrological collections are maintained for research, conservation and education projects. Living plant collections have a rich history of adaptation, responding to changing social demands, and introducing innovation. Mykola Kokhno launched a collection of the genus Acer L. at Mykola Hryshko National botanical garden in 1961. Acer palmatum Thunb. is one of the most desirable maples in botanical gardens. Diverse in shape and color leaves are the main features for which these maples are valued in compositions. Allelopathic tolerance and invasivless are the advantages of these plants. Nature areas of A. palmatum are warmer and wetter than Kyiv city, however, according to the climate change scenario, the Climate assessment tool indicates Kyiv city as a region where this maple will be common by 2050. The collection of A. palmatum cultivars in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine includes 18 names belonging to 10 groups according to the classification of The Maple Society. In the conditions of Kyiv city, A.palmatum cultivars vegetate since early Aprile to mid-November, the onset of different phenology events of these plants can shift by up to 17 days. We can assume the cultivars ‘Bloodgood’, ‘Butterfly’, ‘Red Pygmy’, ‘Crimson Queen’, ‘Garnet’, ‘Sketer’s Broom’ can not produse generative shoots in the Garden conditions, it is a reson why is impossible to involve them to selection programs. Typical plants of the species and plants of 6 cultivars were not damaged in winter period. The cultivars ‘Butterfly’, ‘Crimson Queen’, ‘Garnet’, ‘Orange Dream’, ‘Osakazuki’, ‘Red Pygmy’, ‘Shishigashira’, ‘Sketer's Broom’, ‘Viridis’ had bark damage in several winters. It is advisable to protect the trunks of these trees in winter. The most noticeable effect of drought was for the cultivars ‘Crimson Queen’, ‘Orange Dream’, ‘Sketer's Broom’. Only typical plants of the species are less vulnerable to drought conditions. Aphids of the genus Periphyllus Hoeven, 1863 were observed on maples’ new shoots.
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY ACTIONS ON THE PLANT COVER OF NATURE RESERVE OBJECTS WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE NYZHNIODNIPROVSKYI NATIONAL NATURE PARK
This study presents the results of the monitoring the environmental impacts caused by warfare within and around the Nyzhniodniprovskyi National Nature Park. Two main destructive factors impacted the vegetation structure and/or led to its complete loss on the research areas during 2022–2024 were identified: wildfires and catastrophic fluctuations in water levels. A detailed inventory and characteristics of 13 protected areas located within the National Nature park were provided. The description of nature reserves and natural monuments includes the date of establishment, geographic location and area, landform types, charactered and rare biotopes, plant communities listed in the Green Data Book of Ukraine, and vascular plant species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. According to preliminary field studies, nine biotope types from the list of Resolution 4 of the Bern Convention and seven formations included in the Green Data Book of Ukraine were identified on these areas. A chronological analysis of the fire dynamic across the Nyzhniodniprovskyi National Nature Park reveals an increasing frequency and extent of fires during dry and frosty periods. The total burned area exceeds 25,500 hectares, accounting for 31.8% of the National Nature park’s total area. Several territories were repeatedly affected by pyrogenic disturbances. Within the first seven months of 2025, the burned area already surpassed the total recorded for 2022–2024. For each of the 13 protected areas, the number and total area of fires attributed to warfare were specified. The research also presents data on the extent of flooding across the National Nature park territory resulting from the destruction of the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Complex. Methods for assessing environmental damage to natural ecosystems were analyzed as in accordance with the current national legislation as using alternative approaches. The strengths and limitations of these methods were discussed based on case studies from the Nyzhniodniprovskyi National Nature Park as an example.
FLORISTIC FINDINGS IN THE ORIL RIVER BASIN (UKRAINE)
In 2008–2025 the author conducted botanical research in the Oril river basin, distributed on the border between the Forest-Steppe and the Steppe zones of Ukraine within the territories of Dnipro, Poltava and Kharkiv administrative regions. The most interesting floristic records during these studies were 35 vascular plant species and 20 from them belong to new plants for the Oril river basin (Alcea rugosa Alef., Arabis planisiliqua (Pers.) Rchb., Artemisia tournefortiana Rchb., Corydalis paczoskii N. Busch, Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC., Geum rivale L., Juncus capitatus Weigel, Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev s.l., Melilotus wolgicus Poir., Monotropa hypopitys L., sibirica L., Rorippa prolifera (Heuff.) Neilr., Rubus ×idaeoides Ruthe, Rudbeckia laciniata L., Selinum carvifolia (L.) L., Silene csereii Baumg. and Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link), and ot her 15 species (Adonis volgensis Steven ex DC., Angelica archangelica L., Cirsium alatum (S.G. Gmel.) Bobrov, Crocus reticulatus Steven ex Adam, Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó, Dianthus eugeniae Kleopow, Dichodon viscidus (M. Bieb.) Holub, Jacobaea racemosa (M. Bieb.) Pelser s.l., Linum tenuifolium L., Ostericum palustre (Besser) Besser, Petasites spurius (Retz.) Rchb., Peucedanum latifolium (M. Bieb.) DC., Tragopogon dasyrhynchus Artemczuk, Veronica scutellata L. and Viola elatior Fr.) were not new and (firstly discovered by several previous botanists) but found by the author in new locations. The one species (Corydalis paczoskii) was found as new for Dnipro region, two ones were firstly discovered as Poltava (Artemisia tournefortiana, Tragopogon dasyrhynchus) as Kharkiv (Dichodon viscidus, Torilis arvensis) regions, eight species (Arabis planisiliqua, Danthonia decumbens, Juncus capitatus, Melilotus wolgicus, Nonea lutea, Panicum capillare, Rubus ×idaeoides, Rudbeckia laciniata) are new for the steppe part of Kharkiv region. The importance of the further botanical reserch in the Oril river basin for the purpose of the real creation of the National Nature Park «Orilskyi» and the organization of nature reserves for the preservation the most valuable biodiverity areas not only in the Oril river but in the valleys of its numerous tributaries were underlined. Nonea lutea (Desr.) DC., Panicum capillare L., Peucedanum palustre (L.) Moench, Polygala
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES COMPOSITION OF LYCAENIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) IN ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS IN 2022–2024
Entomological collections formed on the basis of personal field surveys, as well as faunistic research materials obtained during field practices of students of the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, in 2022–2024, were analysed. The study aimed to identify and assess the species diversitу of the family Lycaenidae, which belongs to the superfamily Papilionoidea, suborder Rhopalocera, order Lepidoptera. The results present records of Lycaenidae species from different regions of Ukraine. It was noted that seven species of this family are listed in the «Red Data Book of Ukraine. Animal World» (2009), while Neolycaena rhymnus (Eversmann, 1832) was excluded from the list in 2021. The analysis revealed nine species (132 individuals) belonging to four genera: Lycaena, Polyommatus, Cupido, Celastrina. In 2022, the collections contained three species of Lycaenidae (Lycaena tityrus, Lycaena dispar, and Polyommatus icarus) with a total of 35 individuals. In 2023, eight species (68 individuals) were recorded (Polyommatus icarus, Polyommatus (Lysandra) bellargus, Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Lycaena virgaureae, Cupido (Everes) argiades, Celastrina argiolus, Lycaena phlaeas, Lycaena dispar). In 2024, three species (29 individuals) were identified (Polyommatus icarus, Lycaena dispar, Cupido (Everes) argiades). The collected data indicate that Lycaena dispar and Polyommatus icarus are the most abundant species within Lycaenidae during the study period. Other species were represented by only a few individuals: Lycaena tityrus, Lycaena virgaureae, Celastrina argiolus, Cupido (Everes) argiades. Future studies of the species diversity of Lycaenidae will focus on detecting species in various regions of Ukraine, which will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the patterns of formation, structure, and conservation of butterfly fauna under current anthropogenic pressure.
CHIRONOMIDAE (INSECTA, DIPTERA) FAUNA OF THE LOWER DNIPRO. PART 2: SUBFAMILY ORTHOCLADIINAE
The current work is the second part of a series of articles intended to describe the state of Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) fauna of the Lower Dnipro, based on the long-term studies of this family as part of the benthic, plankton and zoophytos communities and widely represented in the different types of water bodies of this area. This part of research is focused on the subfamily Orthocladiinae. The research was conducted on following water bodies, both the flowing and the standing waters, located in the delta and pre-delta areas of the Lower Dnipro: the Dnipro River, the Koshova River, the Viryovchyna River, the strait into Lake Bobrove, the strait into Lake Kruhle, the Hadiuchka Strait, the Chaika River, the Kozak River, Lake Liahushache, Lake Chychkuvate, Lake Skadovsk-Pohorile, Lake Stebliivskyi Liman, Lake Nazarove-Pohorile, Lake Zakitne, Lake Bobrove, Lake Kruhle, Lake Kardashynskyi Liman and Lake Sabetskyi Liman. Based on larval and pupal specimens, 14 species/taxa of the subfamily Orthocladiinae are recorded and described: Corynoneura scutellata Winnertz, 1846, Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus (Meigen, 1818), Cricotopus (Cricotopus) sp., Cricotopus (Isocladius) intersectus (Staeger, 1839), Cricotopus (Isocladius) cf. sylvestris (Fabricius, 1794), Hydrobaenus lugubris Fries, 1830, Limnophyes sp., Nanocladius (Nanocladius) dichromus (Kieffer, 1906), Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) sp., Propsilocerus lacustris Kieffer, 1923, Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) cf. psilopterus (Kieffer, 1906), Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) cf. sordidellus (Zetterstedt, 1838), Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) cf. zetterstedti Brundin, 1949, Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) sp. The biological and ecological characteristics of the Orthocladiinae species were given, including frequency indexes, indicators of quantitative development, seasonality, habitats, macrophytes association and abiotic factors. The distribution of widespread, common and rare species of the subfamily Orthocladiinae in the water bodies of the Lower Dnipro area have been determined.
PROGNOSTIC MODELS FOR IMAGE PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION IN ONCOLOGY
In 2020, the number of newly diagnosed oncological pathologies worldwide amounted to 19.29 million cases, with 9.96 million deaths. In Ukraine, 106,151 cases of newly detected malignant neoplasms were registered in 2023, with 42,642 deaths. In recent decades, the role of artificial intelligence in screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of oncological pathologies and complications has increased. Various neural network models demonstrate the ability to work with different types of data and process large datasets. The aim of the article is to outline the main prospects and challenges of using neural networks in the analysis and interpretation of visual data in oncology, specifically in the diagnosis and prognosis of oncological pathologies based on visual data. Literature sources for analysis were selected from the publicly accessible PubMed database. Keywords used for the search were «oncology», «artificial intelligence», «visualization». Articles published from 2020 to 2025 were selected for analysis. The database query was made on March 21, 2025. A total of 2131 studies were found. The analysis of literature sources demonstrated that deep learning algorithms are predominantly used for the interpretation of images such as histopathological images, endoscopy, ultrasound, MRI, CT, and radiography. All analyzed articles where AI was used for medical image analysis indicated an AUC above 0.75. In studies comparing the effectiveness of malignant neoplasm diagnosis using AI and specialized physicians, no statistically significant differences in AUC were observed. However, the studies are conducted on retrospective data, meaning AI training was performed under idealized conditions.
ISSN 2524-0838 (print) ISSN 2706-9133 (online)
NEW FINDS OF NAKED FILOSE AND LOBOSE AMOEBAE IN FRESHWATER BODIES AND SOILS OF UKRAINE
In the natural biotopes of Ukraine, 12 species of naked amoebae were identified, of which seven species are lobose and five are filose. The molecular cluster Amoebozoa includes seven species of amoebae, Opisthokonta includes two species, and Rhizaria includes three species. The following species were recorded: Leptomyxa spec., Chaos nobile Penard, 1902, Chaos carolinense Wilson, 1900, Deuteramoeba algonquinensis Baldock, Rogerson & Berger, 1983, Polychaos annulatum Penard, 1902, Saccamoeba limna Bovee, 1972, Trichamoeba sinuosa Siemensma & Page, 1986, Nuclearia simplex Cienkowski, 1865, Nuclearia radians Greeff, 1869, Filoreta spec., Leptophrys spec., Vernalophrys algivore Gong et al., 2015. All protist species were infrequently encountered (ranging from 1.5% to 24%), except for Leptomyxa spec. (30%). Naked lobose amoebae belong to polytactic (C. nobile, C. carolinense, D. algonquinensis, P. annulatum), monopodial (S. limna, T. sinuosa) and branched (Leptomyxa spec.) morphotypes. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were measured at the sites where naked amoebae species were recorded. Accordingly, N. simplex, P. annulatum were recorded at a water temperature of +13 °C, at 10.42 mg/l dissolved oxygen in water; N. radians, V. algivore – +17 °C, 9.35 mg/l; Leptophrys spec. – +15 °C, 9.74 mg/l; C. carolinense – +15 °C, 9.85 mg/l; C. nobile, D. algonquinensis – +16 °C, – 8.95 mg/l; S. limna – +12 °C, 10.50 mg/l; T. sinuosa – +15 °C, 9.65 mg/l. The values ​​of abiotic environmental factors at which soil amoebae species were recorded were established. Thus, Filoreta spec. and Leptomyxa spec. were found at soil temperatures of +12 °C and +10 °C and humidity levels of 90.34% and 94.45%, respectively. The filose amoeba Nuclearia simplex was identified through 18S rRNA gene sequencing (GenBank accession No. PV030488). This is the first report of these naked amoeba species in the fauna of Ukraine.
DOES LEUCINE-ENRICHED PROTEIN REALLY AFFECT PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE MUSCLES OF OLD MICE?
Sarcopenia, characterised by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and functionality, represents a significant health concern in the aging population. One of the promising approaches to preventing sarcopenia is the use of the amino acid leucine, which activates the mTOR signalling pathway and promotes muscle protein synthesis. Reduced muscle strength and coordination increase the risk of falls, which can lead to severe injuries, such as hip or vertebral fractures. Such injuries often require prolonged recovery and may result in disability. Sarcopenia is often accompanied by an increase in fat mass against the background of muscle loss. This reduces the basal metabolic rate, contributing to the development of obesity and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Loss of muscle mass lowers overall physical endurance, complicating the function of the heart and blood vessels, which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and related complications. The study was conducted on aged mice (25 months old), divided into three groups: a control group, a group receiving pure leucine supplementation, and a group receiving leucine-enriched whey protein. At the end of the experiment, the levels of leucine, glucose, and insulin in the blood, as well as protein synthesis in muscle tissue, were assessed. The results showed that the administration of pure leucine significantly increased its concentration in the blood (8-fold) and muscle tissue (3.8-fold) but did not promote muscle protein synthesis. In contrast, administering leucine in a whey protein mixture showed a less pronounced increase in leucine levels but effectively enhanced protein synthesis (by 1.2-fold) and reduced glucose levels. Insulin levels increased in both experimental groups, but this effect was less pronounced in the leucine mixture group. These findings underscore the potential efficacy of using leucine in combination with whey protein as an effective strategy for maintaining muscle mass and function during ageing. The obtained data have practical significance for the development of dietary and pharmacological strategies in combating sarcopenia.
ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS
The aim of this study was to characterize the functional state of the cardiovascular system, adaptive capabilities and regulatory capabilities of the cardiovascular system in children with different body weights. The study involved 125 boys and girls aged 12 years from the city of Slavuta. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the participants' parents. Two groups were identified for comparison: a group with normal body weight (group I, n=62) and with increased body weight (group II, n=63). The functional state of the cardiovascular system was assessed by calculating specific indices and adaptive potential using the Baevsky formula. As the data analysis showed, in group I with normal body weight, a significant number of children with high and above average levels of the Robinson index were found, which indicates parasympathetic and pronounced parasympathetic regulation, high and above average levels of physical health. In contrast, Group II (with excess body weight) included children with below average levels of the Robinson index, which indicates sympathetic regulation (38.28%) and low IR - strongly pronounced dominance of the sympathetic system (3.22% of participants). At the same time, in group II with excess body weight, there are no children with high levels of systolic heart work and only 6.65% of children with parasympathetic regulation and above average levels of aerobic capacity of the heart. The sympathetic and pronounced effect of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system negatively affects the functional capabilities of the body, carries the risk of overstrain of the cardiovascular system and may in the future cause the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Statistically significant differences in adaptive potential were found (at the significance level p<0.05). Comparing the adaptive capabilities in the second group with increased body weight, unsatisfactory adaptation of the organism to environmental conditions was revealed, which indicates a decrease in the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system and the organism. Comparative analysis of the data revealed a significant increase in hemodynamic indicators (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) and worse indicators of the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system, adaptive potential in children 12 years old of group II, which indicates the negative impact of increased body weight. Among the children of the second group, 41.50% were found with low and below average levels of the Robinson index, which indicates the development of a deficit in the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system, which in the absence of changes in lifestyle and the absence of correction of factors in the future will lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN FEMALE STUDENTS OF DIFFERENT SPECIALTIES
The aim of this study is to assess the functional state, adaptive capacity, and regulatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system of the cardiovascular system in female students of various specialties. A study of the functional indicators of the cardiovascular system of the body was conducted in 210 female students from the Faculty of Primary Education (group A) and the Faculty of Foreign Languages (group B). Physiometric indicators of hemodynamics were measured; calculated Robinson index values and the adaptive potential of the cardiovascular system. Analyzing the value of the Robinson index in the participants of both groups, it was found that in group A the Robinson index was above average, which indicates the level of reserve capabilities of the cardiovascular system above average, and in group B the level of reserve capabilities of the cardiovascular system and systolic heart work is below average. In group A, a significant number of subjects with a pronounced effect of the parasympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system and a parasympathetic type of regulation (55%) was found, which positively affects their functional capabilities of the body. Data analysis showed the presence of a significant number of female students in group B with a pronounced effect of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system and a sympathetic regulation pattern (58%), which negatively affects the aerobic capabilities of the heart, functional capabilities, increases the risk of cardiovascular overload, which in the future, in the absence of lifestyle correction, can lead to pathologies and diseases of the cardiovascular system. Comparative analysis of data on hemodynamics indicators, functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system, adaptive capabilities, aerobic capabilities of the heart, and the level of functional state of the circulatory system revealed significantly better indicators in female students in group A, which suggests a positive impact of the academic discipline profile of their specialty.Such results give reason to say that the presence of creative disciplines in the lives of female students in group A has a positive effect on the functional state of the cardiovascular system. In order to improve the functional state of the cardiovascular system of female students, especially group B, it is necessary to introduce health-saving technologies (including art therapy).
ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BEETLE SPECIES OF THE SUBFAMILY DASYTINAE (COLEOPTERA: MELYRIDAE) IN THE FAUNA OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS
The paper analyzes the ecological characteristics of the Dasytinae beetles of the family Melyridae. Most species in the imago stage inhabit semi-open and shaded habitats, where they can be found on grassy, shrubby, and woody vegetation. Based on the analysis of imago hygropreferences, we identified the following groups: forest mesophiles, forest mesoxerophiles, forest-meadow mesophiles, forest-meadow mesoxerophiles, polytopic mesoxerophiles, and polytopic mesophiles. Among Dasytinae, the largest proportion of species belongs to forest mesophiles (34%). According to vegetation layer preferences, the studied beetles were classified into hortobionts, dendrobionts, and dendro-hortobionts with proportions of 40%, 33.3% і 26.7% of the subfamily's species, respectively. A detailed analysis of the contents of dissected esophagi revealed fragmented and intact pollen grains, as well as small remains of arthropod cuticular coverings with bristles and hairs. Additionally, experiments were conducted to detect pollen in the digestive tract of imagos. Microscopic analysis showed that most pollen grains belonged to plants from the Poaceae family. The conducted research allowed us to identified two trophic groups among Dasytinae beetles: palynophages – more than 93% of species, and palyno-zoophages – approximately 7%. Among Dasytinae beetles, the highest number of species feed on plants from the Fagaceae family – 10 species in total. Representatives of the subfamily Dasytinae, inhabiting a wide range of natural and artificial biocenoses of the Ukrainian Carpathians, act as primary consumers of biological communities in both open meadow and forest ecosystems. Imagos of Dasytinae primarily inhabit the herbaceous layer of vegetation, with most species being primary consumers. Feeding on pollen, these beetles serve as pollinators of plants from the families Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Brassicaceae, Grossulariaceae, Apiaceae, and Cyperaceae.
STUDY OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF TERPENOIDS
Carvone and verbenone are natural organic substances that belong to the monoterpene class terpenoids, which are quite common in nature and are contained in many herbal medicines. Today, it is quite relevant to study the effectiveness of the anti-inflammatory effect of carvone and verbenone, as well as to compare their anti-inflammatory action. The effect of carvone and verbenone on seroglycoids content in rat blood serum and their anti-inflammatory action in the model of carrageenan-induced inflammation was studied in the work presented. The development of edema under the carvone and verbenone action against the background of an inflammatory reaction was evaluated and the results of the increase in the volume of the lesion and the anti-edematous action of the studied substances were compared, which reflects the process of suppression of the pathological reaction in animals of the experimental groups compared to the control one. The study of blood serum seroglycoside content in carrageenan-induced inflammation revealed a significant suppressive effect of both test substances on increasing the concentration of seroglycoids (only by 27.5 % and 42.5 %, respectively) at the initial stage of the pathological process, which may indicate a less active development of the inflammatory process during this period. The anti-inflammatory action of carvone throughout the study was slightly better than that of verbenone. Besides, the results of the study on the model of carrageenan-induced inflammation indicate the effective anti-edematous action of both carvone and verbenone. The effect of verbenone had a fairly stable anti-inflammatory action throughout the entire period of the experimental study (from 7.4 % up to 62.4 %). However, the most significant was the anti-inflammatory action of carvone, especially in the second half of the study (from 28.6% up to 100%). Significant anti-inflammatory action of carvone was established since the first day of the study, and at the end of the study, the morphological parameters of the affected rats’ limbs returned to their original state. The obtained study results allow us to state the effective anti-inflammatory action of both carvone and verbenone.
RESULTS OF FIREFLY MOTHS FAUNA (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALOIDEA) RESEARCH IN THE NATURAL RESERVE «MYKHAILIVSKA TSILYNA» IN 2022
Until 2002, studies of the nocturnal Lepidoptera fauna in the Nature Reserve «Mykhailivska Tsilyna» were fragmentary and the species composition of certain butterflies groups has not yet been studied. In addition to the bombicoid complex butterflies only the fauna of Pyraloidea superfamily has been studied in detail in the territory of the Reserve. So far, various publications contain information about 112 species of this superfamily butterflies from the territory of the Reserve. In total, 55 species of firefly moths from 2 families and 8 subfamilies were identified in the Reserve territory in 2022. For the first time for Sumy region, 2 species of firefly moths were registered (Clasperopsis fumella (Eversmann, 1844) and Acrobasis sodalella Zeller, 1848) which were previously registered only in the south of Ukraine. The fauna of firefly moths in the territory of the Reserve has been studied quite completely. For now it is one of the most complete lists in the northeastern Ukraine. In order to analyze the influence of the types of plant communities on the fauna, the lists of firewood species found in the territory of the reserve were compared with those in other well-studied areas of the Sumy region. The data obtained indicate a small share of steppe component in the fauna of the firefly moths of the «Mykhailivska Tsilyna» Reserve. Despite the obvious «forest» features of the firefly moths fauna, the Reserve remains a place where their diversity is observed. The work planned in the Reserve's territory management project to reduce tree growth is likely to reduce biodiversity in this area. At the same time, further overgrowth of the steppe will reduce the number of butterfly species whose development is associated with steppe vegetation. In our opinion, it is necessary to prevent and/or stop further afforestation of the protected area. It is also possible to contribute to the preservation of diversity, for example, by periodically mowing the steppe areas that are still preserved; moderating livestock grazing; reintroducing to the territory of the wild population of large ungulates with the creation of conditions for their living, etc.
MACROZOOBENTHOS OF THE NYZHNIODNIPROVSKYI NATIONAL NATURE PARK LAKES AS PART OF BIODIVERSITY MONITORING ON ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL PERMANENT SAMPLE PLOTS
The work presents the research materials of the macrozoobenthos of the floodplain reservoirs of the Lower Dnipro, which are located in the territory of the Nyzhniodniprovskyi National Nature Park. The research was carried out in 2014-2020 on the following water bodies: Lake Sabetskyi Liman, Lake Kruhle, Lake Zakitne, Lake Liahushache. In the lakes Sabetskyi Liman, Kruhle and Zakitne there are currently Permanent Sample Plots (PSP) of the Nyzhniodniprovskyi NNP, intended for biodiversity monitoring of water invertebrates. Lake Liahushache is considered as a potential water body for laying a new PSP. The relevant research years were chosen taking into account the possibility of tracking the seasonal dynamics of the development of the macrozoobenthos of these reservoirs. In the work, indicators of the quantitative development of macrozoobenthos organisms of the studied water bodies are analyzed, in particular, the density and biomass of individual faunal groups and the species composition of benthic invertebrates is described. An analysis of a number of biotic and abiotic factors that had an impact on benthic invertebrate fauna in the studied water bodies was carried out. The leading role played by the type of bottom sediments in the formation of bottom fauna was noted. The described water bodies are located in the eastern (Lake Sabetskyi Liman), central (Lake Kruhle and Lake Zakitne) and western (Lake Liahushache) parts of the Dnipro estuary, which makes it possible to fully characterize the area of floodplain lakes of the Nyzhniodniprovskyi NNP. An important aspect is the fact that these reservoirs differ significantly in terms of the period of external water exchange, which complements the complex nature of monitoring studies. The materials of the work make it possible to recommend the inclusion of Lake Liahushache in the list of research water objects of the Nyzhniodniprovskyi NNP with the establishment of a corresponding Permanent Sample Plots for further monitoring in case of favorable conditions.
EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS OF MANAGING AN ENCLOSURE HUNTING FARM IN UKRAINE
The work presents the results of research on enclosure hunting in Ukraine. The analysis of the modern problems of the hunting industry in Ukraine showed a rather low (sectoral) level of its management. According to the existing legislation (Law of Ukraine «On Hunting Farms and Hunting», dated February 22, 2000 - No. 1478-ІІІ / Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (edition as of March 10, 2017, with changes) hunting is a sphere of public production of the state. To solve the modern problems of hunting at a higher (state) level, a number of documents have been developed (final reports of the National Technical Research Institute No. 17 and 9, their original documents – «Recommendations, Rules, Guidelines» of 2014 and "Instructions" of 2019). They will help to adequately perceive the implementation of the main urgent tasks of hunting and farming production. During the study of hunting topics in Ukraine, the idea of ​​creating a coordinating hunting center arose, the scientific and experimental base of which was to become a network of scientific research hunting farms in different regions of Ukraine. Such a Center was created by the decision of the Board of the State Forestry Committee of Ukraine under No. 81 dated September 8, 1998. According to the order of the State Board of Forestry of Ukraine dated 12.07.2005 under No. 372, a network of experimental farms appeared, one in each of the country's forestry regions. There are 5 forestry regions in total: Poliska, Lisostepova (West Bank), Lisostepova (East Bank), Stepova (North), Stepova (South). The methodological basis for conducting research on the scientific topic of hunting became the Technical task of the Scientific Research Work No. 13. It developed a system of measures for the semi-free keeping of hunting hoofed animals. The order of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Ukraine dated September 30, 2010 No. 429 «The procedure for keeping and breeding wild animals that are in captivity or in semi-free conditions» remains on the watch list.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM OF E-ATHLETES, IT SPECIALISTS AND UNTRAINED PERSONS
The paper presents the results of studies of the functional state of the neuromuscular system, as well as determination of the strength of large groups of muscles of the trunk and limbs in e-athletes, IT specialists and untrained young men. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the functioning of the neuromuscular system using the technique of electroneuromyography, as well as to determine the strength of large groups of muscles of the trunk and limbs in groups of e-athletes, IT specialists and untrained people, aged 17-25. Using the H-reflex study of the soleus muscle of the lower limb and the nerve conduction velocity study along the motor fibers of the median nerve of the upper limbs, it was found that in the majority of people, the indices of H-reflex are within the normal range, but there are deviations of the indices from the reference values, namely: an increase in the thresholds of H- and M-responses, a decrease in the amplitude of the H-response, a decrease in the ratio of the amplitudes of the maximum H- and M-responses, and an increase in the ratio of the thresholds of H- and M-responses. As for the amplitude of M-responses, there are no deviations in the groups of subjects. A deviation from the norm of the amplitude and time indicators of the conduction of the impulse along the median nerve was also detected, namely, a decrease and going beyond the reference values of the amplitude of muscle responses to nerve stimulation in the elbow bend and wrist, both on the right and left sides of the body as well as reducing and going beyond the reference values of the nerve conduction velocity. Abnormalities may indicate segmental demyelination of sensitive fibers of the tibial nerve and compression of the median nerve in the elbow and wrist of the upper limb on the right and left sides of the body. The study of the neuromuscular system using the technique of electroneuromyography in combination with the determination of the strength of large groups of muscles of the trunk and limbs plays an important role for e-athletes, programmers and untrained persons, in particular, it can make it possible to diagnose disorders of the functioning of the neuromuscular system, provide recommendations to optimize training and work activities and help prevent possible injuries.
TO THE STUDY OF THE ARCTIINAE SUBFAMILY IN THE FAUNA OF THE WESTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE
The peculiarities of the taxonomy and species composition of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera) were studied. Characteristic features of Arctiinae species are singled out, and the modern biological classification of the studied subfamily is investigated. Based on the analysis of the results of the research of several scientists, it was established that in the territory of Ukraine, of this subfamily there are found: Callimorpha quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761), Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Callimorpha dominula (Linnaeus, 1758), Spilosoma urticae (Esper, 1789), Spilosoma lubricipeda (Linnaeus, 1758), Coscinia cribraria (Linnaeus, 1758), Rhyparia purpurata (Linnaeus, 1758), Diacrisia sannio (Linnaeus, 1758), Lithosia quadra (Linnaeus, 1758), Arctia festiva (Hufnagel, 1766), Arctia villica (Linnaeus, 1758), Arctia caja (Linnaeus, 1758), Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1773), Lithosia complana (Linnaeus, 1758), Diaphora mendica (Clerck, 1759), Tyria jacobaeae (Linnaeus, 1758), Arctia flavia (Füssli, 1779), Chelis maculosa (Gerning, 1780), Spiris striata (Linnaeus, 1758), Hypercompe scribonia (Stoll, 1790), Parasemia plantaginis (Linnaeus, 1758), Hyphoraia aulica (Linnaeus, 1758), Phragmatobia luctifera (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Phragmatobia placida (Frivaldszky, 1835), Pyrrharctia isabella (J. E. Smith, 1797), Pericallia matronula (Linnaeus, 1758). In the entomological collections of the Department of Botany and Zoology of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, the following species of Arctiinae subfamily are available: Callimorpha quadripunctaria, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, Spilosoma urticae, Spilosoma lubricipeda, Arctia villica, Arctia caja, Hyphantria cunea. Spilosoma lubricipeda and Arctia caja were the dominant species in the collection. All identified species belong to the Arctiini tribe and to three subtribes Spilosomina (four species), Arctiina (two species), Callimorphina (one species). The studied species belong to five genera. The prospect of further research is the study of the species of Arctiinae subfamily in the autumn period, since today this phenogroup is not represented in the entomological collections of the department of TNPU.
SAND VEGETATION OF «KONCHA-ZASPA» TRACT AND ADJACENT AREAS (KYIV REGION)
Results of the geobotanical research of sands on the territory of «Koncha-Zaspa» tract and adjacent areas distributed within Kyiv city and Obukhiv district of Kyiv region are presented in this paper. Syntaxa which are represented the psammophytic and shrub vegetation belonging to two classes Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis Klika in Klika & Novák 1941 and Salicetea purpureae Moor 1958 were found. Within the first class which includes the one order Corynephoretalia canescentis Klika 1934 two associations Corniculario aculeatae-Corynephoretum canescentis Steffen 1931 (alliance Corynephorion canescentis Klika 1931) and Diantho borbasii-Agrostietum vinealis Vicherek ex Davydov & Davydova 2024 (alliance Koelerion glaucae Volk 1931) with two basal communities comm. Corynephorus canescens-Bromus tectorum and comm. Corynephorus canescens (alliance Corynephorion canescentis) were distinguished. The second class Salicetea purpureae includes the one order Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958, the one alliance Artemisio marschallianae-Salicion acutifoliae Shevchyk & Solomakha in Shevchyk & al. 1996 nom. corr. and the one association Artemisio marschallianae-Salicetum acutifoliae Shevchyk & Solomakha 1996 nom. corr. The classification scheme, ecological and coenotical characteristics, synoptic and phytosociological tables, distribution map of the studied communities were indicated. Current problems of the classification of herbaceous and shrub psammophytic communities were discussed. The importance of the using of original papers (protologues) as on the stage of the classification of geobotanical relevés as during the nomenclatural revision were underlined. The validization of the association name Diantho borbasii-Agrostietum syreistschikowii Vicherek 1972 previously published provisionally by this author and the nomenclatural correction of the name Artemisio dniproicae-Salicetum acutifoliae Shevchyk & Solomakha 1996 in according to International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature were proposed.
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TISSUE OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS WALBAUM) TREATED WITH EXTRACT FROM LEAVES OF EUROPEAN MISTLETOE (VISCUM ALBUM L.)
Many studies, based on the understanding of the relationship between the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defences, propose a link with the recent use of mistletoe based on its antioxidant properties, supported by phytochemical and pharmacological data. The uniqueness of mistletoe metabolism, a direct consequence of its hemiparasitism, is used as a key interpretive element to explain its biological properties and guide its consequent therapeutic use.The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant activity of extracts derived from the leaves of Viscum album L. using biomarkers of oxidative stress [2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, carbonyl derivatives of oxidative modification of proteins, total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] in the muscle tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykissWalbaum) after in vitro treatment with extracts at two final concentrations (5 and 2.5 mg/mL). Our study revealed that treatment with V. album leaf extracts resulted in non-significant changes in TBARS levels in the muscle tissue after in vitro incubation with V. album leaf extracts at final concentrations of 5 and 2.5 mg/mL.The levels of aldehydic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins in rainbow trout muscle tissue after treatment with V. album leaf extracts at final concentrations of 5 mg/mL were at the same levels as in untreated controls. When muscle tissue was incubated with V. album leaf extracts, the levels of ketonic derivatives were significantly reduced after treatment with extracts at a final concentration of 5 and 2.5 mg/mL compared to untreated samples. TAC levels in rainbow trout muscle tissue were increased after in vitro incubation with V. album leaf extracts (at final concentrations of 5 and 2.5 mg/mL) compared to untreated samples. The results of the current study demonstrated the antioxidant properties of extracts from the leaves of V. album at two final concentrations (5 and 2.5 mg/mL) after incubation with rainbow trout muscle tissue.Further studies should focus on the antioxidant effect of extracts derived from the leaves of Viscum album using other cellular models.
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LEAF AND STEM EXTRACTS OF GREATER CELANDINE (CHELIDONIUM MAJUS L.) USING A HUMAN BLOOD MODEL
Greater celandine (Chelidoniummajus L., CM) is an important plant in phytotherapy and traditional medicine.CM has been used extensively in folk medicine throughout Europe and in some Asian countries, particularly for the treatment of various ailments such as stomach cancer, stomach ulcers, liver and skin diseases. It also has potential anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial and antifungal properties.The present study was conducted to evaluate the oxidative stress biomarkers [2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] in blood samples collected from healthy volunteers after in vitro incubation with extracts derived from stems and roots of greater celandine were used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-dependent changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress in blood samples from healthy volunteers exposed in vitro to extracts of CM roots and stems collected from natural habitats in the area of the South Park in Słupsk (Pomeranian Province, northern part of Poland). Freshly washed plant samples were weighed, crushed and homogenised in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (1:19, w/w) at room temperature.The extracts were then filtered and used for analysis. Blood samples from healthy volunteers were preincubated with 4 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (control) and with CM stem and root extracts (at final concentrations of 5 and 2.5 mg/mL) at 37°C for 60 min.The results of our study showed a statistically significant decrease in TBARS levels in blood samples for root extracts at the final dose of CM extracts at both 5 and 2.5 mg/mL. We observed similar trends after in vitro incubation of blood samples with stem extracts of CM (at a final concentration of 2.5 mg/mL), where there was a statistically significant reduction in the concentration of TBARS compared to the untreated control samples. We also observed a statistically non-significant increase in TAC levels after in vitro incubation of blood samples with stem extracts of CM (at a final dose of 5 and 2.5 mg/mL) compared to control samples, while there was a statistically non-significant reduction in TAC levels after in vitro incubation of blood samples with root extracts of CM (at a final dose of 2.5 mg/mL) compared to untreated control samples. This study provides new insights into the understanding of the antioxidant properties of CM extracts.
IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COMMERCIAL ROSEMARY ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST SOME GRAM-POSITIVE AND GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Rosemary essential oil has many compounds suitable for use in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Rosemary essential oils are widely used in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract diseases, mainly due to their antibacterial and antiviral effects.This study provides insight into the in vitro antibacterial activity of commercial rosemary essential oil against Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli(Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™), E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™) and Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureusRosenbach (ATCC® 29213™), methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus (NCTC® 12493), Enterococcus faecalis(Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz(ATCC®51299™) (resistant to vancomycin; sensitive to teicoplanin) and E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz(ATCC®29212™). The results of the current study showed that Gram-negative bacterial strains such as E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™) and P. aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™) were resistant to REO. The diameters of the inhibition zones after application of REO were similar to those of the control samples (96% ethanol). The increase in inhibition zone diameter after application of REO was 32.6% (p < 0.05) for Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™) strains compared to control samples (96% ethanol). Similarly, the increase in inhibition zone diameters after application of REO was 50.3% (p < 0.05) for Gram-positive strains such as S. aureus subsp. aureusRosenbach (ATCC® 29213™).Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (NCTC® 12493)was resistant to REO.On the other hand, the largest inhibition zone diameters after application of REO were observed for E. faecalis strains.The increase in inhibition zone diameters after application of REO was 115.5% (p < 0.05) and 115.8% (p < 0.05) for E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™) and E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™) strains, respectively. The results suggest that commercial rosemary essential oil supplied by a Polish essential oil manufacturer (NaturalneAromaty sp. z o.o., Kłaj, Poland) has some significant antimicrobial properties. In vivo studies are needed to calculate the effective dose of EOs and to determine their possible side effects and toxicity.
EXERCISE-INDUCED CHANGES IN LIPID AND PROTEIN OXIDATION IN THE BLOOD OF MARES AND STALLIONS OF ENGLISH HALF-BREED HORSES LIVING IN THE POMERANIAN REGION (NORTHERN POLAND)
Physical exertion and exercise-induced stress in horses vary according to the equestrian discipline and breed. The correct training programme aims to adapt the horse's organism to the physiological changes that occur during intense physical exertion. The aim of our research was to investigate the effect of physical training on the levels of markers of oxidative stress [2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), carbonyl groups of oxidatively modified proteins, total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] in the peripheral blood of healthy English half-breed horses. Nine healthy English half-breed horses (7 mares and 8 stallions) living in the village of Karlikowo, in the administrative district of GminaKrokowa, within the Puck district, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland were used in this study. Blood was collected from the animals' jugular veins in the morning, 90 min after feeding, while the horses were in the stable and immediately after exercise. The training started at 10:00 a.m., lasted 1 hour and consisted of a cross-country ride at a walk (5 mins), a trot (15 mins), a walk (10 mins), a trot (10 mins), a walk (5 mins), a canter (5 mins) and a walk (10 mins).The results of our study showed that blood levels of TBARS, as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, showed a non-significant change in both mares and stallions immediately after exercise compared to the resting period. Blood levels of aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins were reduced in both mares and stallions after exercise compared to pre-exercise levels. These reductions were statistically significant. In the blood of mares and stallions, TAC levels were increased after exercise compared to pre-exercise levels. This increase was not statistically significant. The results of our study showed that exercise did not induce oxidative stress in the blood of English half-breeds mares and stallions. These results would provide valuable information for understanding the adaptation of horses to exercise.
EXOGENOUS MELATONIN ENHANCES IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC STRESS
It is well known that chronic stress can have serious health consequences, leading to depression, anxiety, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and so on. Additionally, the stress-induced impact results in a decrease in immune system functions, rendering the body more susceptible to infections and other illnesses. In addition to regulating sleep, melatonin possesses pleiotropic properties: it inhibits oxidative stress, exhibits anti-aging effects, and demonstrates documented anti-cancer activity. Melatonin is an effective antioxidant that stabilizes mitochondria. It remains incompletely understood how melatonin affects immune defence under conditions of chronic stress. This study aimed to determine the influence of melatonin on certain indicators of the immune system under conditions of stress exposure. Three groups of laboratory mice of the BALB/c strain were formed. The first group was kept under a 12-hour light-dark cycle. The second and third groups were subjected to chronic stress through constant illumination. The third group of animals additionally received exogenous melatonin in their drinking water. On the fifth, fifteenth, and thirtieth days of the experiment, indicators of leukocyte levels, phagocytic activity using the latex particle uptake method, and the Th1-dependent immune response were determined by the intensity of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Comparison of the indicators revealed that in the second group on the 5th day of the experiment, there was an increase in the total number of leukocytes, an elevation in the level of neutrophils, and a decrease in the level of monocytes. Animals receiving melatonin demonstrated similar results. At the end of the experiment, in the group receiving melatonin, the level of neutrophils decreased against an elevated level of lymphocytes and monocytes. At the end of the experiment, the group subjected to chronic stress demonstrated a decrease in the number of colony-forming units. However, in the melatonin-treated group, the opposite was observed – an increase occurred. A similar trend was observed in the determination of hypersensitivity activity. In the melatonin-treated group, hypersensitivity indicators were higher compared to the group not receiving melatonin. Phagocytic activity in the third group was already higher on the fifth day of the experiment. The results of the study indicate that the administration of melatonin has a positive impact on certain indicators of the immune system under conditions of chronic stress. Specifically, phagocytic activity increased, the level of lymphocytes was elevated, antibody production intensified, and delayed hypersensitivity reaction was enhanced.
FLORISTIC STRUCTURE OF SAND COMMUNITIES OF CHERNIHIV POLISSYA
The purpose of the paper is to determine historical aspects of the research of the flora and vegetation of the region, to describe the floristic structure and composition of the psammophytic communities of Chernihiv Polissya, as well as to analyze the synanthropic fraction of the psammophytic flora and to determine the degree of its anthropogenic transformation. The materials for the article were collected during the field research of Chernihiv Polissya on sandy soil in 2017–2021. According to the results of research, it was found that the psammophytic flora of Chernihiv Polissya includes 282 species of vascular plants belonging to 190 genera and 64 families. Also, seven species of mosses and 15 species of lichens were found. The psammophytic flora of vascular species of Chernihiv Polissya is 21.4% of the flora of Eastern Polissya and 6.3% of the flora of Ukraine. The spreading process of new species are mainly related to climate changes (xerophytization of phytodiversity) and invasions. Poales (19.08% of the total number of species) and Asterales (18.75%) were the most represented orders in the systematic structure. Compositae (18.1%) and Poaceae (12.2%) were dominant families. According to the acquired data on the psammophytic flora of Chernihiv Polissya 132 genera (69.1%) were represented by one species. This indicates a substantial degree of synanthropization in the flora. Perennials (58%) predominate among herbaceous species (91.1%). Mesophytes and xeromesophytes were dominant groups by the attitude to the water regime. Among psammophytes five groups were distinguished and according to the variability of soil moisture the most represented one was the group of hemi-hydrocontrastophiles 133 (47.2%), according to soil acidity (pH) – sub-acidophiles (44%), soil aeration – sub-aerophiles (53.2%), total soil salt content – semi-eutrophes (43.6%), soil carbonate content – hemi-carbonatophobes (46.5%), thermal regime – sub-mesotherms (57.4%), cryoclimatic regime – hemi-cryophytes (46.1%), humidity – sub-aridophytes (37.6%), by the continentality of climate – hemi-continental (50%), lighting conditions – sub-heliophytes (87.6%). The analysis of the synanthropic fraction of the sand flora of Chernihiv Polissya indicated active processes of spreading invasive species within the psammophytic communities of Chernihiv Polissya.
COMMUNITIES WITH INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES IN NOVHOROD-SIVERSKE POLISSYA
The purpose of these studies was to identify and syntaxonomically characterize of communities dominated by invasive plant species within Novhorod-Siversk Polissya. During the research conducted in 2021 eight associations (Elodeetum canadensis, Erigeronto-Lactucetum serriolae, Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae, Convolvulo arvensis-Amaranthetum retroflexi, Carduo acanthoidis-Onopordetum acanthi, Polygonetum arenastri var. Lepidotheca suaveolens, Calystegio sepium-Impatientetum glanduliferae, Chelidonio-Aceretum negundi nom. inval.) and five derivative communities (Helianthus tuberosus [Artemisietea vulgaris], Solidago canadensis [Artemisietea vulgaris], Lupinus polyphyllus [Artemisietea vulgaris/Molinio-Arrhenatheretea], Hippophae rhamnoides [Molinio-Arrhenatheretea/Artemisietea vulgaris]) from eight alliances (Potamogetonion, Sisymbrion officinalis, Panico-Setarion, Onopordion acanthi, Polygono-Coronopodion, Senecionion fluviatilis, Potentillion anserinae, Chelidonio-Acerion negundi nom. inval.), eight orders (Potamogetonetalia, Sisymbrietalia, Atriplici-Chenopodietalia albi, Onopordetalia acanthi, Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae, Convolvuletalia sepium, Molinietalia, Chelidonio-Robinietalia) and seven classes (Potamogetonetea, Stellarietea mediae, Artemisietea vulgaris, Polygono-Poetea annuae, Galio-Urticetea, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Robinietea) of vegetation were formed by invasive plants. It has been found that recenly the process of introducing of invasive plant species into phytocoenoses of Novhorod-Siversk Polissya has been significantly intensified, the number of syntaxa dominated by invasive species was increased by almost half. The most common syntaxa dominated by invasive plant species were Xanthium albinum [Potentillion anserinae/Bidentetea tripartitae], Chelidonio-Aceretum negundi nom. inval., and Polygonetum arenastri var. Lepidotheca suaveolens. It indicates a significant spread of invasive plant species in this region.